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The author of “Big School”, textual discussion and thinking
Author: Chen Lin
Source: “Tong Yue Forum” 2020 Issue 9
Time: Confucius was in the 2570s Gengzi July 17th Gengxu
The way of learning can be said to be the teaching method of “big learning”. The text of “Big School” was formed in the war era, and its author is difficult to be sure. In history, many people believe that this article is closely related to Confucius, Zengzi, and even Zisi, and some students believe that “Big Learning” was not written by saints. The original text “Big Xue” in “Travels” is called an ancient version, and the text published by the two Cheng and Zhu Xi is called a modified version. Cheng and Zhu’s adjustment and replication of “Big Xue” is reasonable in logic, but it was also criticized by later generations, especially Wang Yangming. The understanding of the problem consciousness and theoretical focus of “Big School” has changed in history, from politics, sincerity, to studying things, and then to learning knowledge, it has formed the transformational structure of “Big School”. The thinking of the text of “Big School” caused the most discussion and discussion, or the investigation of things. The emotional discussions spoken by Zheng Xuan, the rational discussions of Cheng and Zhu Xi, and the correct thoughts of Wang Yangming represent the basic explanations of the concept of studying things in history. From tomorrow, what should be most prominent in the thoughts described in “Big Science” is the Confucian ethics that regard loyalty and forgiveness as the middle. In our new era interpretation, being honest should also be a key point. The Mingde thought and the term “Mingming De” in “Big School” are an important source of our advocacy of guiding Mingde’s theory tomorrow. Therefore, we should better combine the statements of Mingde in Chinese modern civilization tomorrow, and further describe the Mingde theory in “Big School” so that it can serve our socialist civilization in the new era tomorrow.
【Keywords】: “Big Learning”; Change the book; Studying things to know; Loyalty and forgiveness; Be cautious in one’s own virtue
“Big Learning” is the 42nd chapter of the forty-nine chapters of “Talents”Big Learning during the Tang and Song Dynasties, “Big Learning” attracted more and more attention from the academic community, and its position continued to decrease. In the end, it was independent from the mother book of “Talents” and was combined with “The Discourse” and “Mencius” as the “Four Books”. The “Four Books” are also called Zhu Xi’s “Collected Notes on the Four Books” as the symbol. Zhu Xi retorted that when reading the “Four Books”, one must first read “Big Learning” to determine its scale (Volume 14 of “Texts”), and therefore the “Four Books” are also based on “Big Learning”. “Big School” has a very important theory and is not long, but there are many discussions from text to thinking. It has had a very profound impact on the history of Confucianism after the Song Dynasty. Many of the most basic life topics, focus topics and main disputes in the Song and Ming dynasties all come from “Big Learning.
1. Author and era of “Big School”
(I). The meaning of the title of “Big School”
“Big School” was originally the 42nd chapter of “Big School”. Regarding the meaning of this title, Donghan scholar Zheng Xuan said that “With his biography, he can be political.”1, that is, “Big School” is important to talk about biography, and its final goal is to guide it to politics. Regarding this difference, Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty believed that “the learning of the big people is the learning of the big people”. 2. The big people are compared to the teenagers, that is, adults. Later, Wang Chuanshan also said, “The big one is adult.” 3. He entered majoring in college at the age of fifteen, and became an adult. Before the age of fifteen, he went to elementary school and was a teenager. According to this meaning, “Big School” is not just about physical education, it is a teaching article suitable for adults.
The “Study” chapter in “Travels” and “Study” mentioned the concept of “Study”. For example, the first chapter of “Big Learning” begins by saying “The way of learning is to be clear, to be approachable, to stop at the highest good.” The first chapter of “Big Learning” talks about “The Gift of Learning”, which also talks about “The Way of Learning”, saying “The way of learning is to be convinced, and the far-fetched is to be admired. This is the way of learning.” In addition, the “Study Notes” also proposes discussions about “study teaching” and “study methods”. From this point of view, the “big learning” mentioned in “big learning” should be different from the statements of these “big learning” included in “Travel”. That is to say, this “big learning” is actually not a lecture on physical education, but a setting for modern teaching. Modern major schools were established in China, and it was called National Studies during the Western Zhou Dynasty. It was a teaching school with the highest standards established at that time. Therefore, “the way of learning” means discussing the methods of modern teaching, the gift of teaching, and the way of teaching. In this meaning, it can be said that Zheng Xuan used “biography” to explain “biography” and neglected these modern records about “biography”.
Dai Dai’s “Tribute” also mentioned “big learning”, saying that “In ancient times, he went out to leave when he was eight years old, studied elementary arts and walked in small classes. He went to school, studied big classes and walked in large classes” (“Bao Fu”). This is also very clear that big classes are the opposite of primary school, and this is also a school for adults over the age of fifteen. Zhu Xi also said, “The book in “Big Learning” was the method of teaching people in ancient times.”4. Elementary school is a primary art, and major art is a major art. Later, Zhu Xi made a division of this. He said, “The three generations of uprising, and the laws were prepared, and then the palaces, the capitals and the alleys were all learned. At the age of eight, they were from the princes and princes to the descendants of common people, they were all elementary school, and they taught them the festival of mercy, ward, and retreat, and the texts of tribute, archery, and books; and for 15 years, they were fromThe emperor’s sons, the sons of the emperor, the ministers, the masters, the masters, the masters, the masters, and the handsome men of the ordinary, all entered the school and taught them the way of reasoning, correcting the mind, cultivating oneself, and governing others. Therefore, the way of learning can be said to be the way of teaching in the big school.
(II), the author of “Big School”
The author of “Big School” was not discussed before the Tang Dynasty. Er Cheng of the Northern Song Dynasty said, “Big School, the Book of Confucius”6, and this must be said to be one. It is a bit ambiguous. Kong’s family is of course Confucius. One understanding is passed down by Confucius and written by Confucius. If we understand it from a broad sense, it is the book of Kongmen. Of course, this Kongmen is not about the entire Confucianism for modern times. It is important to talk about Confucius before the Qin Dynasty. In this era of Zi. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi followed this statement. Zhu Xi said it was relatively firm in his early years. He believed that “Big Learning” was “complained with sages”, “As for Confucius, he could not obtain his position and wrote it to the books to show that later generations were the nation of the country” 7. Zhu Xi was directly Sweetheart Garden continues to believe that it was written by Confucius; “his door students and their door students also express it”8. His door students inherited, described and developed it. According to this, it was Confucius and his door students who wrote the book “Big School”. When Zhu Xi was in his late years, he adjusted this statement. He believed that “Big School” is divided into two parts: “Big School” and “translation”, “A chapter on the right is to write Confucius’ words, and once “Zi” 9. “A chapter” means the first chapter of “Big School”, the first chapter of “Big School”, Zhu Zi believed that it was written by Confucius, and Zeng Zi passed it down. He believed that “Zi Chapter” was a word spoken by Confucius, and Zeng Zi passed it down. Then he said,
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